Measurement is the assignment of a number to a
characteristic of an object or event, which can be compared with other objects
or events.
The process of
obtaining a numerical description of the degree to which an individual
possesses a particular characteristic. Measurement answers the question,
“How much?”.
- Test is used
to gather information.
- That
information is presented in the form of measurement.
- That
measurement is then used to make evaluation.
Assessment is a process by which
information is obtained relative to some known objective or goal.
Assessment
is a broad term that includes testing. A test is a special form of assessment.
Tests are assessments made under contrived circumstances especially so that
they may be administered. In other words, all tests are assessments, but not
all assessments are tests. We test at the end of a lesson or unit. We assess
progress at the end of a school year.
It
includes test observation, interview, behavior monitoring etc. .
Evaluation: it is a systematic
process of collecting, analyzing and interpreting of information about the
learning process.
On
the basis of evaluation, decision and judgment are done based on some criteria
and evidence.
Procedure of
evaluation
1)
Formative evaluation
2)
Summative evaluation
Formative
Evaluation
Any evaluation
that take place before or in the middle of a project implementation for
improvement.
The formative assessments aim to see if the
students understand the instruction before doing a summative assessment.
Summative Evaluation
It occur at the end of evolution cycle which
provide a feedback where the student stands relative to the standard and goals.
Principles of Evaluation
1. It must be clearly stated what is to be
evaluated:
A teacher must be
clear about the purpose of evaluation. He must formulate the instructional
objectives and define them clearly in terms of student’s observable behavior.
Before selecting the achievement measures the intended learning out comes must
be specified clearly.
2. A variety of evaluation techniques should
be used for a comprehensive evaluation:
It is not
possible to evaluate all the aspect of achievement with the help of a single
technique. For the better evaluation the techniques like objective tests, essay
tests, observational techniques etc. should be used. So that a complete’
picture of the pupil achievement and development can be assessed.
3. An evaluator should know the limitations of
different evaluation techniques:
Evaluation can be
done with the help of simple observation or highly developed standardized
tests. But whatever the instrument or technique may be it has its own
limitation. There may be measurement errors. Sampling error is a common factor
in educational and psychological measurements. An achievement test may not
include the whole course content. Error in measurement can also be found due to
students guessing on objective tests. Error is also found due to incorrect
interpretation of test scores.
4. The technique of evaluation must be
appropriate for the characteristics or performance to be measured:
Every evaluation
technique is appropriate for some uses and inappropriate for another.
Therefore while selecting an evaluation technique one must be well aware of the
strength and limitations of the techniques.
5. Evaluation is a means to an end but not an
end in itself:
The evaluation
technique is used to take decisions about the learner. It is not merely
gathering data about the learner. Because blind collection of data is wastage
of both time and effort. But the evaluation is meant for some useful purpose.
Purpose of evaluation
1)
Need of improvement in education process
2)
Guidance and counselling
3)
Selection of profession
4)
Classification of students
5)
Prepare progress report
6)
Feedback
7)
School or college organization
8)
Student motivation
Step/phases of Evaluation
1)
Subjective evaluation ( how one can explain idea / depth of
knowledge is checked/ extended response )
2)
Objective
( A question which have one correct answer )
3)
Oral ( practical activity )
4)
Verbal (via , interview )
5)
Non-verbal
(observation )
